Page 9 - CleanScience_Fall22

About the Authors
Nolan Wells 􏰁􏰂 􏰃 􏰄􏰅􏰆􏰇􏰈􏰂􏰂􏰁􏰆􏰉􏰃􏰊 􏰈􏰉􏰋􏰁􏰉􏰈􏰈􏰅 􏰌􏰍􏰆 􏰂􏰈􏰅􏰎􏰈􏰏 􏰁􏰉 􏰐􏰍􏰈 􏰑􏰒􏰓􏰒 􏰔􏰁􏰅 􏰕􏰆􏰅􏰖􏰈 􏰗􏰈􏰇􏰆􏰅􏰈 􏰗􏰈􏰁􏰉􏰋 􏰃􏰌􏰃􏰅􏰏􏰈􏰏 􏰃 􏰘􏰈􏰖􏰍􏰃􏰉􏰁􏰖􏰃􏰊 􏰙􏰉􏰋􏰁􏰉􏰈􏰈􏰅􏰁􏰉􏰋 􏰏􏰈􏰋􏰅􏰈􏰈 􏰇􏰅􏰆􏰚 􏰐􏰍􏰈 􏰑􏰉􏰁􏰎􏰈􏰅􏰂􏰁􏰐􏰛 􏰆􏰇 􏰓􏰆􏰜􏰐􏰍 􏰕􏰊􏰆􏰅􏰁􏰏􏰃􏰒 􏰝􏰈 􏰖􏰜􏰅􏰅􏰈􏰉􏰐􏰊􏰛 􏰄􏰅􏰆􏰎􏰁􏰏􏰈􏰂 􏰄􏰅􏰆􏰇􏰈􏰂􏰂􏰁􏰆􏰉􏰃􏰊 􏰂􏰈􏰅􏰎􏰁􏰖􏰈􏰂 􏰃􏰂 􏰃 􏰇􏰆􏰅􏰈􏰉􏰂􏰁􏰖 􏰈􏰉􏰋􏰁􏰉􏰈􏰈􏰅 􏰃􏰉􏰏 􏰗􏰜􏰁􏰊􏰏􏰁􏰉􏰋 􏰂􏰖􏰁􏰈􏰉􏰐􏰁􏰂􏰐􏰒 􏰝􏰈 􏰂􏰄􏰈􏰖􏰁􏰃􏰊􏰁􏰞􏰈􏰂 􏰁􏰉 􏰐􏰍􏰈 􏰏􏰜􏰅􏰃􏰐􏰁􏰆􏰉 􏰆􏰇 􏰊􏰆􏰂􏰂 􏰌􏰁􏰐􏰍 􏰆􏰄􏰁􏰉􏰁􏰆􏰉􏰂 􏰗􏰃􏰂􏰈􏰏 􏰆􏰉 􏰄􏰜􏰗􏰊􏰁􏰂􏰍􏰈􏰏 􏰄􏰃􏰄􏰈􏰅􏰂 􏰆􏰉 􏰚􏰈􏰐􏰃􏰊 􏰖􏰆􏰅􏰅􏰆􏰂􏰁􏰆􏰉􏰟 􏰌􏰆􏰆􏰏 􏰏􏰈􏰐􏰈􏰅􏰁􏰆􏰅􏰃􏰐􏰁􏰆􏰉􏰟 􏰌􏰃􏰐􏰈􏰅 􏰃􏰉􏰏 􏰚􏰆􏰊􏰏 􏰏􏰃􏰚􏰃􏰋􏰈􏰟 􏰌􏰆􏰆􏰏 􏰃􏰉􏰏 􏰐􏰁􏰊􏰈 􏰠􏰆􏰆􏰅􏰁􏰉􏰋 􏰄􏰅􏰆􏰄􏰈􏰅􏰐􏰁􏰈􏰂􏰟 􏰃􏰉􏰏 􏰝􏰡􏰔􏰢 􏰆􏰄􏰈􏰅􏰃􏰐􏰁􏰆􏰉􏰒
Ralph E. Moon, PhD
Donald Nehrig 􏰁􏰂 􏰃 􏰂􏰈􏰉􏰁􏰆􏰅 􏰇􏰆􏰅􏰈􏰉􏰂􏰁􏰖 􏰗􏰜􏰁􏰊􏰏􏰁􏰉􏰋 􏰂􏰖􏰁􏰈􏰉􏰐􏰁􏰂􏰐􏰪􏰈􏰉􏰋􏰁􏰉􏰈􏰈􏰅 􏰃􏰉􏰏 􏰇􏰆􏰅􏰈􏰉􏰂􏰁􏰖 􏰐􏰈􏰃􏰚 􏰊􏰈􏰃􏰏􏰈􏰅 􏰃􏰐 􏰫􏰡􏰬􏰟 􏰭􏰉􏰖􏰒 􏰌􏰁􏰐􏰍 􏰆􏰎􏰈􏰅 􏰮􏰯 􏰛􏰈􏰃􏰅􏰂 􏰆􏰇 􏰖􏰆􏰉􏰂􏰜􏰊􏰐􏰁􏰉􏰋 􏰈􏰤􏰄􏰈􏰅􏰁􏰈􏰉􏰖􏰈 􏰁􏰉 􏰐􏰍􏰈 􏰣􏰈􏰊􏰏 􏰆􏰇 􏰗􏰜􏰁􏰊􏰏􏰁􏰉􏰋 􏰂􏰖􏰁􏰈􏰉􏰖􏰈􏰂􏰟 􏰁􏰉􏰏􏰆􏰆􏰅 􏰃􏰁􏰅 􏰰􏰜􏰃􏰊􏰁􏰐􏰛􏰟 􏰃􏰉􏰏 􏰁􏰉􏰏􏰜􏰂􏰐􏰅􏰁􏰃􏰊 􏰍􏰛􏰋􏰁􏰈􏰉􏰈􏰒 􏰫􏰈􏰍􏰅􏰁􏰋 􏰁􏰂 􏰃 􏰋􏰅􏰃􏰏􏰜􏰃􏰐􏰈 􏰆􏰇 􏰘􏰈􏰅􏰖􏰈􏰅 􏰑􏰉􏰁􏰎􏰈􏰅􏰂􏰁􏰐􏰛􏰟 􏰓􏰖􏰍􏰆􏰆􏰊 􏰆􏰇 􏰙􏰉􏰋􏰁􏰉􏰈􏰈􏰅􏰁􏰉􏰋􏰟 􏰘􏰃􏰖􏰆􏰉􏰟 􏰱􏰔 􏰌􏰁􏰐􏰍 􏰃 􏰧􏰃􏰖􏰍􏰈􏰊􏰆􏰅 􏰆􏰇 􏰓􏰖􏰁􏰈􏰉􏰖􏰈 􏰁􏰉 􏰙􏰉􏰋􏰁􏰉􏰈􏰈􏰅􏰁􏰉􏰋􏰟 􏰂􏰄􏰈􏰖􏰁􏰃􏰊􏰁􏰞􏰁􏰉􏰋 􏰁􏰉 􏰘􏰈􏰖􏰍􏰃􏰉􏰁􏰖􏰃􏰊 􏰙􏰉􏰋􏰁􏰉􏰈􏰈􏰅􏰁􏰉􏰋􏰒 􏰝􏰈 􏰍􏰃􏰂 􏰄􏰜􏰗􏰊􏰁􏰂􏰍􏰈􏰏 􏰉􏰜􏰚􏰈􏰅􏰆􏰜􏰂 􏰄􏰈􏰈􏰅􏰥􏰅􏰈􏰎􏰁􏰈􏰌􏰈􏰏 􏰂􏰖􏰁􏰈􏰉􏰐􏰁􏰣􏰖 􏰃􏰉􏰏 􏰐􏰈􏰖􏰍􏰉􏰁􏰖􏰃􏰊 􏰃􏰅􏰐􏰁􏰖􏰊􏰈􏰂 􏰆􏰉 􏰈􏰤􏰄􏰆􏰂􏰁􏰉􏰋 􏰗􏰜􏰁􏰊􏰏􏰁􏰉􏰋 􏰚􏰃􏰐􏰈􏰅􏰁􏰃􏰊􏰂 􏰐􏰆 􏰎􏰃􏰅􏰁􏰆􏰜􏰂 􏰈􏰊􏰈􏰚􏰈􏰉􏰐􏰂 􏰃􏰉􏰏 􏰄􏰅􏰈􏰂􏰈􏰉􏰐􏰈􏰏 􏰍􏰁􏰂 􏰅􏰈􏰂􏰈􏰃􏰅􏰖􏰍 􏰗􏰈􏰇􏰆􏰅􏰈 􏰐􏰍􏰈 􏰕􏰆􏰅􏰈􏰉􏰂􏰁􏰖 􏰙􏰉􏰋􏰁􏰉􏰈􏰈􏰅􏰁􏰉􏰋 􏰦􏰁􏰎􏰁􏰂􏰁􏰆􏰉 􏰆􏰇 􏰐􏰍􏰈 􏰔􏰚􏰈􏰅􏰁􏰖􏰃􏰉 􏰓􏰆􏰖􏰁􏰈􏰐􏰛 􏰆􏰇 􏰢􏰁􏰎􏰁􏰊 􏰙􏰉􏰋􏰁􏰉􏰈􏰈􏰅􏰂􏰒
SYNOPSIS
Ralph E. Moon, PhD 􏰁􏰂 􏰃 􏰗􏰜􏰁􏰊􏰏􏰁􏰉􏰋 􏰂􏰖􏰁􏰈􏰉􏰐􏰁􏰂􏰐 􏰁􏰉 􏰐􏰍􏰈 􏰁􏰉􏰂􏰜􏰅􏰃􏰉􏰖􏰈 􏰂􏰈􏰅􏰎􏰁􏰖􏰈􏰂 􏰣􏰈􏰊􏰏
􏰃􏰉􏰏 􏰂􏰈􏰅􏰎􏰈􏰂 􏰃􏰂 􏰃􏰉 􏰈􏰤􏰄􏰈􏰅􏰐 􏰌􏰁􏰐􏰉􏰈􏰂􏰂􏰒 􏰝􏰈 􏰂􏰄􏰈􏰖􏰁􏰃􏰊􏰁􏰞􏰈􏰂 􏰁􏰉 􏰐􏰍􏰈 􏰏􏰜􏰅􏰃􏰐􏰁􏰆􏰉 􏰆􏰇 􏰌􏰃􏰐􏰈􏰅 􏰊􏰆􏰂􏰂􏰈􏰂 􏰐􏰍􏰅􏰆􏰜􏰋􏰍 􏰐􏰍􏰈 􏰁􏰉􏰐􏰈􏰅􏰄􏰅􏰈􏰐􏰃􏰐􏰁􏰆􏰉 􏰆􏰇 􏰌􏰃􏰐􏰈􏰅 􏰏􏰃􏰚􏰃􏰋􏰈 􏰃􏰂 􏰁􏰐 􏰄􏰈􏰅􏰐􏰃􏰁􏰉􏰂 􏰐􏰆 􏰌􏰆􏰆􏰏 􏰗􏰜􏰁􏰊􏰏􏰁􏰉􏰋 􏰚􏰃􏰐􏰈􏰅􏰁􏰃􏰊􏰂􏰟 􏰚􏰈􏰐􏰃􏰊 􏰄􏰊􏰜􏰚􏰗􏰁􏰉􏰋􏰟 􏰃􏰉􏰏 􏰖􏰃􏰗􏰁􏰉􏰈􏰐 􏰖􏰆􏰚􏰄􏰆􏰉􏰈􏰉􏰐􏰂􏰒 􏰝􏰈 􏰍􏰃􏰂 􏰄􏰜􏰗􏰊􏰁􏰂􏰍􏰈􏰏 􏰉􏰜􏰚􏰈􏰅􏰆􏰜􏰂 􏰄􏰈􏰈􏰅􏰥􏰅􏰈􏰎􏰁􏰈􏰌􏰈􏰏 􏰃􏰅􏰐􏰁􏰖􏰊􏰈􏰂 􏰌􏰁􏰐􏰍 􏰖􏰆􏰊􏰊􏰈􏰃􏰋􏰜􏰈􏰂 􏰐􏰍􏰃􏰐 􏰂􏰈􏰅􏰎􏰈 􏰃􏰂 􏰐􏰍􏰈 􏰗􏰃􏰂􏰁􏰂 􏰇􏰆􏰅 􏰍􏰁􏰂 􏰆􏰄􏰁􏰉􏰁􏰆􏰉􏰂􏰒 􏰦􏰅􏰒 􏰘􏰆􏰆􏰉 􏰌􏰃􏰂 􏰃􏰌􏰃􏰅􏰏􏰈􏰏 􏰃 􏰧􏰓 􏰁􏰉 􏰧􏰁􏰆􏰊􏰆􏰋􏰛 􏰇􏰅􏰆􏰚 􏰨􏰈􏰂􏰐􏰈􏰅􏰉 􏰘􏰁􏰖􏰍􏰁􏰋􏰃􏰉 􏰑􏰉􏰁􏰎􏰈􏰅􏰂􏰁􏰐􏰛 􏰃􏰉􏰏 􏰘􏰔 􏰃􏰉􏰏 􏰩􏰍􏰦 􏰇􏰅􏰆􏰚 􏰐􏰍􏰈 􏰑􏰉􏰁􏰎􏰈􏰅􏰂􏰁􏰐􏰛 􏰆􏰇 􏰓􏰆􏰜􏰐􏰍 􏰕􏰊􏰆􏰅􏰁􏰏􏰃􏰒
Nolan Wells
Donald Nehrig
This study examined wood flooring exposed to two moisture- exposure scenarios: 1) damp concrete to reveal changes in surface appearance, mold growth and cupping; and 2) par- tial water immersion to reveal the occurrence of thickness swelling and surface distortion. The responses of the four predominant wood flooring types — hardwood, engineered hardwood, laminate and bamboo — were compared
Two moisture exposure scenarios were examined using a solid wood-framed test apparatus that also included a 1.5 inch-thick concrete slab. The chamber was maintained at an ambient temperature of 74°F with a relative humidity over 95%. Water was initially added manually during each scenario using a slow-drip system. The water level was maintained daily.
The wood flooring test specimens were obtained from sam- ples. Specimens were cleaned lightly with soap and water followed by isopropyl alcohol to remove surface contami- nants. Nitrile gloves were used during specimen handling.
The specimens were placed directly onto the concrete surface inside the chamber. The concrete slab was fully saturated for 142 days during the first exposure scenario; however, no liquid water was visible on the concrete sur- face to prevent direct contact between the wood flooring surface and liquid water. For the second exposure scenario, the concrete slab was fully saturated for 110 days with the specimens partially immersed to a depth sufficient to pre- vent floating. Each study included specimens representing the four predominant flooring types.
Experiment One — Significant Findings
Three observations were documented: cupping, under- side mold growth and visible changes in topside surface appearance.
Cupping was the first visible change observed among five of six hardwood flooring samples after 6 – 9 days of exposure. The one that did not exhibit cupping was rift sawn. No evidence of cupping was observed among the engineered, laminate or bamboo samples. There was no evidence of surface distortion or ply separation among the engineered exemplars.
Mold Growth was observed on the bottom of all samples after nine days. The earliest growth was observed after 5 – 6 days. Mold growth was most prolific beneath the engineered flooring samples. The least growth was observed among the laminate and hardwood flooring exemplars.
Surface Appearance of nine of 16 flooring exemplars did not exhibit a surface change after three months of exposure to a damp concrete surface. Of the remaining seven, cupping, surface staining and surface cracking indicated a change caused by moisture exposure.
Experiment Two — Significant Findings
The immersion study examined the consequences of a “worst-case” scenario where the moisture source sus- tained liquid water exposure.
Thickness Swelling measurements were obtained nine times during the study. Thickness swelling reflected the composition of the wood flooring. Composite wood materi- als containing OSB, and compressed wood fibers were most vulnerable to moisture absorption and swelling, while solid hardwoods expressed the least.
Microbial Growth was prolific under immersion. Wood flooring materials expressed stains, cracks and discoloration within a week of moisture exposure. All samples supported extensive microbial growth by Day 142.
FALL 2022
THE JOURNAL OF CLEANING SCIENCE | 9